TLR ''Homotolerance'' Versus Agonists in Murine Macrophages: Effects of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Induction of In Vitro Reprogramming by

Induction of In Vitro Reprogramming by Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Agonists in Murine Macrophages: Effects of TLR “Homotolerance” Versus “Heterotolerance” on NF- B Signaling Pathway Components

Toll-like receptor priming sensitizes macrophages to proinflammatory cytokine gene induction by deoxynivalenol and other toxicants.

Activation of the innate immune system might predispose a host to toxicant-induced inflammation. In vitro macrophage models were employed to investigate the effects of preexposure to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists on induction of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression by the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and other toxicants. Priming of the murine RAW 264.7 macrophage line or...

Interleukin-17 Serum Levels and TLR4 Polymorphisms in Ulcerative Colitis

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease, an autoimmune disease, has two clinical manifestations including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). IL-17 has been the target of intensive research in autoimmune diseases. The influence of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) gene polymorphisms on IL-17 production has also been revealed in UC patients and tissue inflammation in mice. Objectives: To inve...

Empagliflozin alleviates renal inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats partly by repressing HMGB1-TLR4 receptor axis

Objective(s): Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, possesses verified anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects against diabetic nephropathy. The present investigation aims to examine empagliflozin effects on the renal levels of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a potent inflammatory cytokine, and its respective receptor toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in ...

Toll-like receptor-4 is expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques and upregulated by oxidized LDL.

BACKGROUND Inflammation is implicated in atherogenesis and plaque disruption. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4, a human homologue of drosophila Toll, play an important role in the innate and inflammatory signaling responses to microbial agents. To investigate a potential role of these receptors in atherosclerosis, we assessed the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in murine and human atheroscl...